Article / članak 06

Overview of approaches to numerical modeling of masonry structures

Pregled pristupa numeričkom modeliranju zidanih građevina

authors / autori
Sara Vaing, dr. sc. Maja Baniček, prof. dr. sc. Josip Atalić

DOI
https://doi.org/10.5592/CO/PhDSym.2025.06

keywords / ključne riječi
unreinforced masonry structures, modelling uncertainty, equivalent frame approach, OpenSees, out-of-plane failure
zidane građevine, nesigurnosti pri modeliranju, metoda ekvivalentnih okvira, OpenSees, otkazivanje izvan ravnine

page range in publication / raspon stanica
59 - 72

publish date / datum publikacije
11/9/2025

abstract / sažetak
Historic masonry buildings are highly vulnerable to seismic actions and significantly contribute to overall seismic risk. Accurate assessment of their seismic response requires nonlinear analysis, which is heavily influenced by modeling uncertainties, especially epistemic ones that are often overlooked. This paper reviews various modeling approaches, highlighting their advantages and limitations, with a focus on the equivalent frame method as the most widely used. Most methods do not account for out-of-plane failure, whereas the equivalent frame method incorporates a macroelement that captures both in-plane and out-of-plane behavior of masonry elements. This element is implemented in the open-source software framework OpenSees, which, despite some limitations, remains one of the most advanced tools for performing nonlinear seismic analysis of structural and geotechnical systems.
Povijesne zidane građevine iznimno su osjetljive na potresna djelovanja i znatno pridono-se ukupnom potresnom riziku. Za pouzdaniju procjenu ponašanja pri djelovanju potresa koristimo nelinearne proračune, pri čemu veliku ulogu imaju nesigurnosti u modeliranju, osobito epistemičke, koje se često zanemaruju. U radu se analiziraju različite metode modeliranja, s naglaskom na metodu ekvivalentnih okvira kao najrašireniju. Većina metoda ne uključuje otkazivanja izvan ravnine, dok se kod ekvivalentnih okvira koristi makroelement koji obuhvaća ponašanje u i izvan ravnine. Taj je element implementiran u OpenSees, napredni alat otvorenog koda za nelinearne seizmičke analize.